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The penalty was invented in England on February 14, 1891. It was the final minute of an FA Cup quarter-final between Notts County and Stoke Metropolis when a defender for County stopped a shot on the road along with his hand. Stoke had been awarded a free kick simply centimeters from the goal-line, and the goalkeeper, as was completely authorized on the time, stood proper in entrance of the ball. The Stoke participant, unable to do something apart from kick it straight at him, noticed his shot blocked in farcical circumstances.
At a subsequent meeting of the Worldwide Soccer Affiliation board in Glasgow on June 2, 1891, a movement for a brand new penalty-kick rule was urged by the Irish FA. The board authorised and, similar to that, a long time of anguish and pleasure had been born. Kind of. The unique rule said that gamers might take a penalty “from any level 12 yards from the goal-line” and the keeper might advance at the very least 6 yards to reserve it. However, over time, that has been tweaked and finessed into what we all know and love/hate at this time.
The chance of any penalty being scored is round 70 %. On the 2022 World Cup, 22 of the 29 in-game penalties awarded had been scored (76 %). Till the start of this 12 months’s Euros, 88 penalties had been awarded within the competitors, with 62 scored (70 %). Penalty shootouts—launched into the Euros in 1976 and the World Cup in 1978—even have roughly the identical conversion fee. In World Cup shootouts, 222 penalties out of 320 have been profitable (69 %). In Euros shootouts, the conversion fee is somewhat increased: 178 out of 232 (77 %).
However why should penalties be taken from 12 yards? Easy: That’s what the FA determined in 1891. And it’s possible by no means been modified, as a result of scoring seven out of each 10 penalties provides a superb mixture of danger, reward, and drama.
Transfer the ball any nearer or farther away and the percentages begin to tip too far come what may. As John Wesson factors out in The Science of Soccer, taking into consideration air drag, a superbly directed “penalty” hit at 80 mph into the highest nook of the aim might, in concept, defeat a goalkeeper from 35 yards. Transfer 10 yards or nearer to the aim and the chance of scoring rises steadily. At 3 yards, it’s virtually 100%.
Seemingly by fluke, 12 yards is just about the candy spot: Sufficient penalties go in to reward talent and good placement, and sufficient penalties are saved to reward good guesswork, analysis, and agility by goalkeepers. Of these 88 in-game Euro penalties awarded earlier than the 2024 event, solely 18 had been saved. England’s Jordan Pickford is one goalkeeper who has used previous conduct of penalty takers and their most popular aim placements to foretell their future selections, protecting this knowledge on his bottle for reference.
For a striker, counting on physics to attain the proper penalty is all about two issues: velocity and route. At 80 mph, a goalkeeper has about one-third of a second to make a save. As that is just like their response time, the one probability of it being saved is to guess accurately the place it’s going. And that’s the place placement is available in. Analysis carried out by the College of Bathtub in 2012 discovered a “diving envelope” that any given keeper can cowl in the event that they push off in any route with most drive. The likelihood of scoring contained in the diving envelope is 50 %. The likelihood of scoring outdoors the diving envelope is 80 %.
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